We present experimental results obtained using optical phase conjugation in golddoped. From an effective field theory of electromagnetism in vacuum including all lowestorder nonlinear terms consistent with lorentz invariance and locality of photonphoton interactions, we derive an effective medium description of strong background fields as regards their influence on a weak probe. The optical kerr effect, or ac kerr effect is the case in which the electric field is due. Magnetooptic kerr effect moke was in 1875 7 june 2010. We present the design and realization of multilayer dielectric optical structures with layerspecific kerr nonlinearities, which permit tailoring of the intensitydependent effects. Ultrabroadband dielectric and optical kerreffect study. Advanced magnetooptical kerr effect measurements of.
Timeresolved magnetooptical kerr effect for studies of. Rp photonics encyclopedia kerr effect, dc kerr effect. Though discovered over a century ago, the faraday and kerr effects of polarized light are two of the most. We first consider theoretically the various mechanisms contributing to the kerr nonlinearity in small gold particles. For the sake of comparison, the temperature dependence of the relative optical kerr constant obtained previously from the optical kerr effect. Polarization of light, birefraction, optical anisotropy, modula tion of light, electro optical modulator, plztelement. The plzt element is connected directly to the hv power supply whose voltage can be altered between 0 and volt with a sufficiently high precision by using a digital voltmeter branched in parallel to the hv power supply. Mo discs are capable of offering high capacity and moderately inexpensive media as top archival properties, usually being rated with an average life of 30 years. The experiment for the demonstration of the kerr effect is set up as shown in fig.
Optical nanofibers have recently emerged as attractive nanophotonic platforms for many applications ranging from quantum technologies to nonlinear optics, due to both their tight optical confinement and their wide evanescent field. Fourkas, department of chemistry and biochemistry optical kerr effect oke spectroscopy has become a prominent nonlinear optical. Mainly study on the selfphase modulation optical kerr effect, the crossphase modulation optical kerr effect, and related light induced birefringence effect. The constructed kerr microscope is a homebuild wide field microscope. Magnetooptical kerr effect in spin split twodimensional. Moke has gained widespread popularity as a characteriza tion tool for the study of. The magnetooptical kerr effect moke is a powerful tool for studying changes in the magnetization of ferromagnetic materials. The optical kerr effect in small metal particles and metal. The source of this optical anisotropy is the magnetisation m within surface domains which can be influenced. The kerr effect is best observed in materials known as kerr mediums, centrosymmetric materials like liquids. The faraday and kerr effects zoe little, klaudia kozek. Development of a surface magnetooptic kerr effect magnetometer susan stoffer sorensen department of physics and astronomy bachelor of science this thesis presents the development and optimization of a surface magnetooptic kerr effect smoke magnetometer.
Brillouin scattering and optical kerr effect study of. The kerr effect, named after its discoverer 1875, is an electrooptical feature involving the orientation of the molecules by the action of an electric field and the. Cahill, jun liu, judith kimling, johannes kimling, department of materials science and engineering. We report the utilization of the optical kerr effect in multilayer dielectric coatings, previously discussed only theoretically. The kerr or quadratic electrooptic effect qeo effect can be of two types. Pdf influencing factor research of kerr effect researchgate. Therefore, to lowest order, the refractive index of such a medium can only depend quadratically on the.
Magneto optical kerr e ect moke photonphoton spectroscopies absorption ii. This effect was discovered in the latter part of the 19th century by a scottish physicist, john kerr. Femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy based on the optical. Ultrafast optical kerr effect in liquids and solids science. However, we will see that this is a special case, which results from the assumption of magnetooptical isotropy in equation 2.
The modulation depth in reflectance reaches up to 6% for the demonstrated examples of. Using the standard fresnel formalism, we have obtained the equation that relates the complex kerr angle with the optical conductivity tensor of a 2d system, considering the effect of a substrate. Measurement of the resonant magnetooptical kerr effect. The magnetooptical kerr effect moke has proved to be a useful research tool for understanding ferromagnetism and magnetic hysteresis.
Techniques to image the moment, such as scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis sempa 14, magnetooptical kerr effect moke 15, and magnetooptical indicator film moif imaging 16, are surface sensitive andor average the moment over the. Herein we examine theoretically the optical kerr effect induced by the evanescent field of a silica nanofiber surrounded by different nonlinear liquids such as. Magnetooptical kerr effect moke is a useful phenomenon that provides information about magnetization through optical response. We mainly consider as background a pump beam with welldefined wave vector and polarization. Excites vicinity of the fermi surface all dc conductivities, va characteristics. The fundamental observation is that isotropic materials, e. The same behaviour in solids is sometimes called the pockels effect. Magnetooptical kerr effect microscopy in our capstone project we built a magnetooptical kerr effect microscope which will be used in development and characterization of magnetic materials and devices in the center of microwave magnetic materials and integrated circuits at northeastern university. Magnetooptical kerreffect moke measurements of superconducting films with softmagnetic coatings are performed at low temperatures using a laserbased moke setup. Over the last decades, the magnetooptical kerr effect. Pdf optical kerr effect experiments on complex liquids. Optical kerr effect article about optical kerr effect by. What is the longitudinal magnetooptical kerr effect. The major ones are the conduction electron intraband contribution, the saturation of direct interband transitions and the change in dielectric constant due to hot photoexcited electrons.
In this chapter, firstly we will study light intensity induced medium refractiveindex change phenomenon, i. A heterodyne detection technique allows to analyze the signal over four decades in time 10. The relative optical kerr constant of the monomers investigated as a function of temperature is presented in fig. Pdf timeresolved optical kerr effect in mtoluidine. In the optical kerr effect, the electric field of light incident on a transparent sample induces an anisotropic refractive index, which is measured by its effect on the passage of a second light beam. The period of vibrational motions in molecules 10 300 femtosecondsfs sets a. The kerr effect, also called the quadratic electrooptic qeo effect, is a change in the refractive. With the rp fiber power software, one can investigate various consequences of the optical kerr effect, e. The dynamics of the fragile glassforming liquid mtoluidine is investigated by timeresolved optical kerr effect.
Kerr effect simulate consequences of the kerr effect. Chapter 3 nonlinear pulse propagation mit opencourseware. Polarization of light, birefraction, optical anisotropy, modula tion of light, electrooptical modulator, plztelement. Large magnetooptical kerr effect and imaging of magnetic. Kerr effect the quadratic electrooptic effect a change in the refractive index of a material in response to an applied electric field. The magnetooptical kerr effect moke has been intensively studied in a variety of ferro and ferrimagnetic materials as a powerful probe for electronic and magnetic properties 1,2,3 and for. Cotton mouton effect birefringence effect signal proportional to m. Large magnetooptical kerr effect and imaging of mag. However the results from this thesis demonstrate that magnetic domains in permalloy magnetic nanostructures can still be observed with very good contrast using a magnetooptical kerr effect moke microscope. Optical kerr effect spectroscopy of simple liquids qin zhong, doctor of philosophy, 2009 directed by. John kerr, a scottish physicist, discovered it in the year 1875. Kerr effect article about kerr effect by the free dictionary. Magneto optical effects in magnetic materials arise due to the optical anisotropy of the materials.
The kerr effect, named after its discoverer 1875, is an electrooptical feature involving the orientation of the molecules by the action of an electric field and the anisotropy of the polarizability then observable in the medium. Magnetooptical kerr e ect moke photonphoton spectroscopies absorption ii. John kerr and his effects found in 1877 and 1878 pdf. Timeresolved magnetooptical kerr effect for studies of phonon thermal transport david g. The kerr effect is a phenomenon in which the refractive index of a material changes because of an applied electrical field, and the change in the refractive index is proportional to the square of the applied electric field. Di erent energy ranges probes di erent part of the electronic structure of the matter.
Freecarrier plasma dispersion effect injection of charge carriers into an undoped material or removal of free carriers from a doped material, changes the refractive index generally optical properties, e. An effect in which a very strong linearly polarized light field produces anisotropy in the refractive index of an isotropic medium, usually a liquid explanation of optical kerr effect. The kerr cell, also referred to as a kerr electrooptical shutter, is a device employing the kerr effect to. The optical kerr effect 14 can be observed in isotropic materials including liquids and gases that do not possess a secondorder contribution.
Optical kerr effect spectroscopy of simple liquids the. The kerr effect, named after its discoverer 1875, is an electro optical feature involving the orientation of the molecules by the action of an electric field and the anisotropy of the polarizability then observable in the medium. The nature of these properties is the manner in which the polarization of light is affected by an electromagnetic. Demonstration of the evanescent kerr effect in optical. Magnetooptic kerr effect application note technology for polarization measurement 3 the polarization amplitude depends on the direction of the magnetic. Magnetooptical kerr effect microscopy investigation on. One major advantage of thirdorder nonlinear optical polymers is that they exhibit the quadratic eo effect as well as the alloptical kerreffect at the same time, leading to completely new device. Under this influence, the sample becomes birefringent, with different indices of refraction for light polarized parallel to or perpendicular to the applied field. We have presented a theory for magnetooptical kerr effects in 2d materials whose lowenergy bands are described by a spin split massive dirac equation. The kerr electrooptic effect, or dc kerr effect, is the special case in which a slowly varying external electric field is applied by, for instance, a voltage on electrodes across the sample material.
Femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy based on the optical kerr effect. We discuss the history and the theoretical underpinnings of this technique. The faraday and kerr effects abstract though discovered over a century ago, the faraday and kerr effects of polarized light are two of the most instrumental components of optical communication technology today. The advent of lasers powerful enough to generate a measurable effect, and which can be pulsed on femtosecond time scales, has made the optical kerr effect into a practical technology for.